Unit 1
I. Information for study.
Прочтите и постарайтесь понять текст.
MANAGEMENT: AN OVERVIEW
What Is Management?
Management is the process of achieving organizational goals through engaging in the four major functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. This definition recognizes that management is an ongoing activity, entails reaching important goals, and involves knowing how to perform the four major functions of management.
Fig. The Functions of management
Planning:
Setting goals and deciding how best to achieve them
Controlling:
Regulating activities
to reach goals
Organizing:
Allocating and
arranging resources
Leading:
Influencing others
to work toward goals
Management functions
Planning. Planning is the management function that involves setting goals and deciding how best to achieve them. This function also includes considering what must be done to encourage necessary levels of change and innovation.
Organizing. Organizing is the management function that focuses on allocating and arranging human and nonhuman resources so that plans can be carried out successfully. It is through the organizing function that managers determine which tasks are to be done, how tasks can best be combined into specific jobs, and how jobs can be grouped into various units that make up the structure of the organization. Staffing jobs with individuals who can successfully carry out plans is also part of the organizing function.
Leading. Leading is the management function that involves influencing others to engage in the work behaviors necessary to reach organizational goals. Leading includes communicating with others, helping to outline a vision of what can be accomplished, providing direction, and motivating organization members to put forth the substantial effort required.
Controlling. Controlling is the management function that is aimed at regulating organizational activities so that actual performance conforms to expected organizational standards and goals. To do the necessary regulating, managers need to monitor ongoing activities, compare the results with expected standards or progress toward goals, and take corrective action as needed.
The Management Process
Although the four major functions of management form the basis for the managerial process, several additional elements are considered key ingredients of this process as well. The additional elements were identified by management scholars Steven J. Carroll and Dennis J. Gillen on the basis of their review of major studies on managerial work.
Fig. An extended model of the management process
As indicated in the model, the functions of management form the central part of the process. However, the model also shows that work methods and managerial roles, as well as work agendas, feed into the management functions. A manager's working knowledge and key management skills also are important factors that contribute to high performance (achieving goals).
To understand how management can influence in an organization, we need to define the organization.
For most of us, organizations are an important part of our daily lives. By organization, we mean two or more persons engaged in a systematic effort to produce goods or services. We all deal with organizations when we attend classes, deposit money at the bank, buy clothing, and attend a movie. We are also influenced by organizations more indirectly through the products that we use.
It is useful to keep in mind that the management process applies not only to profit-making organizations but also to not-for-profit organizations. A not-for-profit organization (sometimes called a nonprofit organization) is an organization whose main purposes center on issues other than making profits. Common examples of not-for-profit organizations are government organizations (e.g., the federal government), educational institutions (your college or university), cultural institutions (New York's Carnegie Hall), charitable institutions (United Way), and many health-care facilities. Of course, environmental factors (such as the state of the economy and actions by competitors) also have a bearing on ultimate goal achievement.
II. Exercises.
1. Ознакомьтесь со словами в разделе III и запомните их.
2. Найдите в тексте предложения, где употребляется герундий и переведите их на русский язык (см. грамматический справочник, стр. 78).
3. Напишите, от каких глаголов образованы существительные, взятые из текста и дайте перевод этих глаголов.
Например: learning (сущ.) – to learn (гл.) – учить.
planning
organizing
leading
controlling
management
innovation
performance
4. Переведите письменно текст на русский язык, пользуясь словарем.
5. Выпишите из текста термины, переведите и запомните их.
6. Напишите определения к следующим терминам своими словами на английском языке:
management functions;
managerial process;
profit-making organization;
nonprofit organization.
7. Напишите развернутые ответы на следующие вопросы по содержанию текста:
1) Why is management an ongoing activity?
2) What are the four major functions of management?
3) What does planning as the management function involve?
4) Which are the parts of the organizing function?
5) Which function of management includes influencing others to engage in the work behaviours necessary to reach organizational goals?
6) What is controlling aimed at?
7) What forms the basis for the managerial process?
8) Why do you think organizations are an important part of our daily lives?
8. Напишите на английском языке, как Вы понимаете:
“What is management?”
III. Vocabulary items.
management - руководство; управление; заведование; менеджмент; дирекция; администрация
to achieve goals
syn. to reach goals - достигать цели
planning - планирование
organizing - организация; процесс организации
leading - руководство
controlling - контроль; контролирование
to perform functions - выполнять функции
to involve - вовлекать; включать в себя (in); подразумевать, предполагать
to set goals - поставить цели
change - перемена, изменение; сдвиг
innovation - нововведение, новшество
human resources - людские ресурсы
non human resources - нелюдские ресурсы
to carry out plans - выполнять, осуществлять планы
task - задача
job - работа
to make up the structure of the organization - составлять структуру организации
to staff jobs - набирать кадры для выполнения работ
to engage behaviours in the work - привлекать возможности для выполнения работы
to outline a vision - нарисовать картину (перен.)
to provide direction - обеспечить руководство
to motivate - мотивировать
to be aimed at - быть нацеленным на ...
to regulate activities - регулировать деятельность
performance - исполнение, выполнение; действие; производительность
to conform to - соответствовать чему-либо
to monitor activities - контролировать деятельность
to compare results - сравнивать результаты
to form the basis for ... - составлять основу чего-либо
key ingredients - ключевые ингредиенты, составные части
scholar - ученый
work method - метод работы
working knowledge - практические знания, необходимые для работы
management skills - навыки управления
to contribute to - содействовать; способствовать
to deal with - иметь дело с кем-либо, чем-либо
to influence through - влиять посредством чего-либо
management process - процесс управления
profit-making organizations - прибыльные, ставящие перед собою цель-получение прибыли, организации
not-for-profit organizations = nonprofit organizations - не ставящие себе целью извлечение прибыли, некоммерческие организации
to make profit - получать прибыль; приносить прибыль
charitable institutions - благотворительные учреждения
health-care facilities - здравоохранительные организации
environmental factors - факторы окружающей среды
state of the economy состояние экономики
competitor - конкурент
IV. Test.
1. Закончите предложения, выбрав необходимое слово или словосочетание справа. Запишите ответы следующим образом: например, 5)-m.
1) Management is an ongoing activity, entails reaching important goals, and involves knowing how ... the four major functions of management.
a) the organizing function
2) The function of planning also includes considering what must be done to encourage necessary levels of ...
b) a manager's working knowledge
3) Staffing jobs with individuals who can successfully carry out plans is also part of ...
c) compare the results
4) To do the necessary regulating, managers need to monitor ongoing activities, … with expected standards or progress toward goals, and take corrective action as needed.
d) key ingredients
5) Although the four major functions of management form the basis for the managerial process, several additional elements are considered ... of this process as well.
e) not-for-profit organizations
6) ... and key management skills also are important factors that contribute to high performance (achieving goals).
f) to perform
7) It is useful to keep in mind that the management process applies not only to profit – making organizations but also to ... g) change and innovation
2. Выберите определения справа, соответствующие терминам слева. Запишите ответы следующим образом: например, 5) – g.
1) management a) the management function that involves setting goals and deciding how best to achieve them
2) planning b) two or more persons engaged in a systematic effort to produce goods or services
3) organizing c) the management function that involves influencing others to engage in the work behaviours necessary to reach organizational goals
4) leading d) the management function that is aimed at regulating organizational activities so that actual performance conforms to expected organizational standards and goals
5) controlling e) the management function that focuses on allocating and arranging human and non-human resources so that plans can be carried out successfully
6) organization f) the process of achieving organizational goals through engaging in the four major functions of planning, organizing, leading and controlling
